Adolescents Influence In Family Decision Making Social Work Essay

Adolescents Influence In Family Decision Making Social utilization Es asseverateAbstractThis study examines the perceptions and behaviour of Adolescents specify in family finish making in contrastive family circumstances and what products atomic number 18 more submitd through the peasant more than the adults. The research take placeings atomic number 18 based on different journal articles that set up how much power clawren deport in the decision making work at based on different brings of the family perceptions and how they get their message across on what they want through coalitions or solely on their own. In terms of family types single-parent and step-families are increasing in todays society compared to intact families. Its now not unusual for parents to divorce and move on with some unitary else. This provide make an impact on the peasants manipulation in family secure decision making. Being a child in a single-parent family suggests that they fuddle more power in the household whereas creation a member of an intact family offer cause disruption as there are m all an(prenominal) mint to please in that household. However, in many circumstances the parents perceptions do not always agree with the childs opinion. A number of explanations and examples for this are given.IntroductionFor a long time, Adolescents study played an grave role throughout family purchase decisions, with their capability to have an impact to directly and indirectly act upon the decisions families make when get products. (Thomson, Laing, McKee, 2007). This is put into practice throughout all different types of families, whether it is an intact family of 4, a family triad, a single parent family of 1 or a mix matched family making it a step-family. This means the perceptions on boyish put to work in decision making dep curio on what family the child belongs to. Adolescent behaviour is besides eventful when the child makes an input into the decisions o f purchase making. Coalition beingness the behaviour type authors focuse on as children recognized a frequent need for a purchase between more than one family member and in the end created a coalition (Thomson, Laing, McKee, 2007). These include different members of the family working together with the child in order to make a stronger model on family decisions whether it is a parent or a sibling. Children hence play a part in family decision making no matter how big or small and the products in question can vary from groceries to holidays. Junk foods, toys, kids clothes and accessories for school are a hardly a(prenominal) of the main products that children have been known to have a strong influence on. (Mangleburg T. F., 1990). Research on how much influence children have on certain products pass on also be explored.Childrens Behaviour -When and how do they influence buying?Children constitute a huge secondary market by influencing family purchases (McNeal, 2008). As soon as children have established the concept of using communication skills to make demands, they are then more involved in making an influence in family decision making. (Furnham, 1998), specifying that from the moment they can talk, they leave alone automatically have an influence on buying highlighting the fact that children are becoming a significant part to the family decision making physical treat on purchases at an early age. The closely important behaviour for a child when they influence decision making is the use of knowledge and information. When contemplating child purchase power, research shows that this is known as a uniting topic (Thomson, Laing, McKee, 2007). To get a child to participate in the decision stage of buying, knowledge is a great source as it points out the cleverness or experiences that the children have when a purchase is carried out by a family (Thomson, Laing, McKee, 2007). Information is also important as it shows whether the child knows about the pr oducts in question or not. Knowledge and Information is a significant role in justifying the childs natural selection of products and is the main means on how they influence on the buying stage. Parents can decide whether the childs reasons are enough to buy the product in question through their knowledge and information. Studies show that lots of parents encourage the use of knowledge and information and are foreseen characteristic of some family decision making (Thomson, Laing, McKee, 2007).How do coalitions affect adolescents decision on purchasing?Coalition behaviour involves at least two members of a family to get together to form an alliance to influence the end decision of a purchase within a family. This process is often termed majority rule (Pearson, 1989). Majority rule may have a bigger impact than just the childs influence therefore a child may form a coalition with an different family member to make their influence have more of an impact on the final decision of the purchase. However, there have been authors that convey this as lousy behaviour. (Sheth, 1974) and (Belch et al. 1980) felt that coalition would be few and far in between. Coalitions can throw in in different forms Mother and child, Father and child or if there is more than one child, siblings could get together. This can benefit the child as one parent might be easily persuaded into giving the child what they want and more understanding of the childs needs. It was distinguished that a significant number of coalitions occurred between mothers and daughters than mothers and sons utmost that when the corresponding-sex members of a family unite to influence a decision on a product that they have more power than what different-sex members would (Beatty Talpade 1994). This would suggest that daughters had more chance of having a stronger influence in the family household compared to sons when they both wanted to convince their mother of purchasing a product.Family Triads Should the child have an input?Before buying products for any family, there is a decision making process that they must think about in order to come to a concluding decision on what to purchase if they have children. This involves three stages of decision making gathering information, negotiating within the family and the overall decision on what to buy. Family triads are found to disagree in their perceptions of adolescent influence on both a wide selection of products and general influence in family decision processes. Mothers, fathers and children all, however agree that children have some influence in purchase decisions for a variety of products. Previous research has put forward the fact that two family members can disagree in evaluating purchase decision influence (Burns Hopper 1985). Each member of the family triad had different opinions on how much power the child actually has when deciding on purchasing a product in studies shown in the Journal of Consumer Research. Out of 161 famili es from North Western Towns, The children themselves concord that they have influence when shopping with parents, suggesting stores, brands and products, paying attention to new products and reading the best buy. Mothers and Fathers also agreed to some extent that the child had general influence on these factors when buying products. However, suggesting the price was one of the factors that all three members of the family agreed that the child does not have influence on the price of products (Foxman, Tansuhaj, Ekstrom, 1989). This concludes that not only does the children themselves think they have influence throughout the decision making process on products but the other members of the family also agree that children should have their say. boilersuit, family members regarding adolescent purchase decision influence came to the conclusion that Families that agreed on the same aim of childrens influence had older fathers, a concept-oriented family communication style, less childre n, and a mother who was a housewife. This would suggest that a family triad let their child have more influence than a family with more children would.Other family types does the child have more power in a single-parent family?There are different types of families where a child can influence on family decision making when buying products. Family triads are one but there are also single-parent and step families. Intact families can also have more than one child meaning there are more children to have an influence on the decision making. There has been a growth in rapid social change over the years where parents are divorcing, children are living with only one of their parents or living with people that are from another family due to one of the parents falling in love with someone else. The more a family has differences, the more likely they go away have to verbalism difficulties when making important decisions as consumers (cf. Rindfleisch, Burroughs, and Denton 1997). Children ga in their knowledge and information through events such as going to school, eating out and technology. However, their family members are one of the most important sources a child could possibly have through their period of consumer learning (Moschis and Churchill 1978 Moschis and Moore 1979 Ward 174). This contributes to the fact that children grow up surrounded by their family therefore they learn from their mothers, fathers or an older sibling. Depending on what family type the child belongs to, there will be a different level of how much influence they have. Studies (Darley and Lim 1986) show that children in single-parent families had greater influence in a family outing decision than did children in dual-parent families, but did not ascertain between intact and step-families. If a child has to convince two parents, it may be difficult as they will both have different opinions on products or will have the same opinion which will overrule the child, therefore a childs influence in a single-parent household will be much stronger as there are less people to convince and the bond between the child and parent will be stronger as they have went through certain circumstances to end up on their own. Two parents can join forces to back up each other when they dont agree with the childs influence when purchasing a product (Mangleburg, Grewal, Bristol, 1999). This will make the childrens influence weaker compared to the single-parent household which appears to be much stronger. A single-parent household is seen as the family type to let the child have a stronger influence on decision making when purchasing products as the child only has one parent to do their parental duties which means the parent will have weaknesses in parental control and find it difficult to be the boss all the time meaning the child will have more independence and constitute rights to influence to balance out the family (Dornbusch et al. 1985 Hetherington 1988 Thomson, McLanahan, and Curtin 199 2). Family type does have an impact on adolescents influence on decision making and specifically, children in single-parent families had greater influence in both types of decisions as compared with children in step families and intact families (Mangleburg, Grewal, Bristol, 1999).Products children have more influence onJunk foods, toys, kids clothes and accessories for school are a few of the main products that children have been known to have a strong influence on (Mangleburg T. F., 1990). This information suggests that children have more power over products and services that they will be experiencing themselves as children tend to have more of an influence in product sections that are most significant to the children themselves (Beatty and Talpade, 1994). Contrasting, children dont have much of an influence on decision making for products that are expensive and not used only by the child (Foxman et al.,1989a, 1989b). Expensive items such as cars, TVs and furniture are not influen ced as much by children as these as more expensive buys. The adults of the household feel they have more influence on bigger products that will affect the whole of the family. Studies from the Journal of Consumer Research (Foxman, Tansuhaj, Ekstrom, 1989) back this up as out of 161 families from North Western Towns, Both the parents and children feel that the parents should have more say overall on products such as Home computers, cars, furniture and cable TV. It appears that children do have a strong influence when it comes to decision making in the family based on purchasing products. However, the childs influence on certain products is weaker than the parents due to the price and who uses the product. Although some research has found next to nothing child influence for bigger, family buys, others have found higher levels of influence than was foreseen by earlier research ( Foxman Tansuhaj 1988 Lee and Beatty 2002). Family holidays and events that see the family come together to have fun are other purchase decisions that children can play a part in influencing (Mangleburg T. F., 1990). These products are seen as expensive and a treat for all the family, this shows that some authors may find that children dont have much influence on expensive products whereas others will find children do have influence on products more expensive than clothes and food. securities industry shopping within different familiesIt has been proven that children have more influence on food shopping than expensive buys in the last section of this review. It has also been proven that children have different levels of influence in different family types whether it is a single-parent or dual-parent family. Studies show even though children have a strong influence on purchasing food, the level of influence differs depending on what family the child belongs to. Children in single-parent families are more likely to take part in family tasks, such as going shopping than other children do in bigger families with their parents relationship still intact. (Weiss 1979 Taylor, Glynn, and Taylor 1985 Peters 1985). This would suggest that the child in the single-parent family will participate more in influencing what is bought for the grocery shop compared to the dual-parent family where there are more people to influence what is bought.Summary and conclusionAdolescents influence the decision making process in the family when purchasing products. However, there are different levels of influence and this depends on what family type the child belongs to as this has an effect on how the parents relationship with the child helps or hinders on how much influence the child has when the decision making process is being done when buying new products differing from groceries, clothes and holidays. The review helped come to the conclusion that the most important behaviour for a child when they influence decision making is the use of knowledge and information. Knowledge and Information is a significant role in justifying the childs choice of products and is the main factor on how they influence on the buying stage. It has been discovered that a childs influence solely on their own against both parents can sometimes be overruled by the parents. This is when the child forms a coalition to get more support to gain a stronger influence on the decision making process It was distinguished that a significant number of coalitions occurred between mothers and daughters than mothers and sons concluding that when the same-sex members of a family unite to influence a decision on a product that they have more power than what different-sex members would (Beatty Talpade 1994). This review suggested that different family types determined the level of influence the child had, this included single-parent families, triad families and step families. However, mothers, fathers and children all agreed that children play a part in influencing a number of products in purchase decisions ( Foxman, Tansuhaj, Ekstrom, 1989). Products that children have more influence on were also researched. Findings suggest that products that are actually used by the child themselves and not expensive were found to be the products children had more influence on whereas children have been found to have less influence on decisions making for products that are more expensive and are not just used by the child themselves (Foxman et al.,1989a, 1989b). Grocery shopping is another group of products that children have influence on and the level of influence depends on what family type they belong to. It was found that children belonging to the single-parent family have more influence than children in a dual-parent family. Overall there are different levels of influence a child has when the family are making decisions and it all depends on family types, children behaviour and the products in question.

Electoral Processes And Governance In The Philippines Politics Essay

Electoral Processes And Governance In The Philippines Politics EssayThe first election in the Philippines was held in May 1898 beneath American rule. 112 years later, there ar many parts of the country where elections are characterized with private armies, violence and great cheating. The failure of the electoral organization to support fair and clean elections and the massive electoral fraud hinder the purpose of elections to recruit honest and nebable politicians and to integrate society. Also, the legitimacy of the elected authorities is weak. Politicians then need to garner support from patrons and oligarchs to finance electoral campaigns and to organize elector support. Once elected, they return by giving access to government resources and appointing key assort in the bureaucracy. Among citizens, a widespread view that elected governments coming to power from corrupt electoral procedures does not truly represent their interests. As a result, it is gruelling to push fo r reforms because of weaker government and institutions and stronger vested interests.HistoryThe Philippines was under Spanish rule for more than 300 years. Under this era, the country was ruled by friars and nominate Spanish officials. In 1898, the Philippines declared independence and established the first rereality in Asia. In the same year, the Treaty of Paris was signed where control of the Philippines was transferred from Spain to the United States. The Americans introduced democracy, elections and democratic institutions. As a result, the features of the Philippine constitution, legislation, political parties and elections are modeled aft(prenominal) the US.Under the US compound period, Philippine politics was characterized between the interaction of US colonial officers and Filipino politicians. The Americans indirectly control the country by manipulating Filipino politicians to enact American policies. As a result, electoral campaigns did not provide an avenue for public participation. Rather, it was reflective of negotiations between national politicians and provincial elites (Teehankee, 2002).The Philippine commonwealth was established in the 1935 constitution. The constitution provided a presidential form of government with a unicameral National assembly. An amendment in 1940 changed it to a bicameral legislative assembly made of the House of Representatives (lower house) and Senate (upper house).When US colonial rule ended, they left a weak interchange government and power was fragmented among the provinces with varying degrees. Wealth and power through political connections had overshadowed productivity and programs for national development. Electoral results were not competitive because of the ability of get elites to control electoral come outcomes. Elections for local positions like the lower house allowed landed elites to merge and strengthen their power as showed by their ability to prevent the overtaking of land reforms (Teehankee, 20 02).Elections during the Marcos regimeMarcos declared Martial Law in 1972. Elections were suspended in the first 6 years and a forward-looking constitution was excessively established. Marcos changed the Philippine Congress with an Interim National Assembly. An Interim National Legislature (Interim Batasang Pambasa or IBP) was enacted instead because of amendments to the 1971 constitution. An election was held in 1978 to fill positions for the IBP. Marcos dominated the elections with his New hostel Movement party (KBL) because opposing groups created parties that focused on regions rather than the national legislature.The Marcos regime managed to give legitimacy to its regime through the conduct of elections. However, there was massive electoral fraud and manipulation of institutions. For example, Marcos allowed block voting system wherein a vote for the party translates to vote for the whole electoral slate. This was a tremendous improvement for the KBL because they had the res ources to finance a nationwide electoral campaign. Also, it was easier to tamper ballots and commit fraud.During Marcos term, he tried to centralize power on himself and break the patronage system. He appointed officials not based on merit or patronage but on loyalty to him. He also siphoned the states resources and distributed it to himself and to his cronies. For his critics, he used violence and force. Media companies were unlikeable or under heavy government control. One of his major critics, Benigno Aquino Jr., was assassinated in August 1983. In May 1985, Marcos announced Snap elections to prove or gain political legitimacy. The former elites managed to organize the opposition under Aquinos widow, Corazon Aquino who came from a landed family. The Commission on Elections announced Marcos as the winner in transgress of massive cheating. On the other hand, the National Citizens Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL) an election watchdog announced Corazon Aquino as the president based on their quick count. Marcos shogunate ended in 1986 through the People military group Revolution. In addition to the military and political figures, the Church was involved in calling and mobilizing people to participate. Marcos and his family lastly fled to Hawaii and Corazon Aquino was sworn as the 11th President of the Philippines.Elections Post-MarcosDuring Aquinos term, a new constitution was enacted to return to a bicameral legislature and to limit the power of the presidency. For example, a president cannot run for presidency again. Media and press were free and democratic institutions were restored Bello, 1988. However, landed elites returned to power after the fall of Marcos and dominated the lower house. The pre-Marcos patronage system was clog again. As a result, the Aquino administration failed to effectively conduct Agrarian reform.Aquino was succeeded by Fidel Ramos, a military general in 1992. Ramos attempted to push for political reforms. subsequently all, he had the strong support of the military. However, it was hard to push for reforms because of a weak party system and stronger sexual intercourse (Hutchcroft and Rocamora, 2003). The Congress was filled with representatives from the same political families. besides 54 representatives had no close relative in politics compared to 145 belonging to political families. At least 64 were children of political figures, 23 had spouses and 46 had siblings active in politics. At the end of Ramos term, a plan to shift to parliamentary system was exposed by the media. These changes would have allowed Ramos to extend his term after 1998. It was heavily opposed by the Catholic Church and former President Aquino for fear that the term extension would be used to serve political agendas (Rocamora, 1988).Estradas rig out and FallEstrada was sworn into office in 1998 amidst the Asian Financial Crisis. Unlike previous presidents, Estrada was a movie actor so he was popular among the mickle who wer e tired of traditional politicians. His electoral campaign focused on the poor and the aversion of the masses against typical politicians provided victory to Estrada rather than depending on local elites for voter support. However, Estradas promised populist policies and anti-poverty programs never took place (Fabella, 2007). Instead, the benefits were given to Estradas families and cronies. The fall of Estrada started with his involvement in Jueteng, an il effective gambling game popular among the poor. To sustain operation, protection money is compensable among protectors who are usually in the local government or in the police. Estrada tried to legalize Jueteng through the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation, a government agency that oversees legal gambling activities. If legalized, the protection money will be centralized to the government and franchise holders. Local operators and receivers of Jueteng money will be out of the picture. Luis Chavit Singson, a governor an d rumored Jueteng operator could not accept such outcome because the franchise for his area was not given to him. Chavit exposed Estradas involvement to Jueteng which led to an impeachment case. man uproar started when the senate which was dominated by Estradas allies refused to open the second envelope which was thought to contain strong evidence against Estrada. People went to the streets again and People Power II occurred which led to the downfall of Estrada.Arroyo AdministrationGloria Macapagal-Arroyo (GMA) took over the presidency after Estradas downfall. While finishing Estradas term, she experienced the Oakwood Mutiny and Jose Pidal scandal where a bank account containing US$8 million was allegedly owned by her husband. The money was supposedly a payment to then senator Arroyo to prevent her from running for presidency in the 1998 elections. Ignacio Iggy Arroyo, the brother of Arroyos husband announced his ownership of the controversial bank account. He faced tax evasion cha rges which were eventually ruled out due to legal technicalities. The scandal died and was later elected as congressman. After finishing Estradas term, Arroyo ran for presidency in spite of her prior announcement that she would not. She won by a slowly margin of 1 million votes against Fernando Poe Jr., a movie actor and presidential candidate of the opposition. Arroyo was accused of electoral fraud and Poe filed an electoral aver. The congress mooted the electoral protest because of Poes death. However, it heavily weakened Arroyos legitimacy because she used state resources to fund her electoral campaign. some other strong attack against Arroyos presidency came from leaked records of her talking to Comelec Commissioner Virgilio Garcilliano which the media named as Hello Garciscandal. The leaked tape featured a womans voice similar to Arroyo asking for one million votes and an assurance of victory. In the beginning, the Malacanang palace denied the issue but was later retracted. Arroyo admitted and apologized in motion of national television. She insisted that there was no cheating and she just wanted to protect her votes. Arroyo successfully finished her term in 2010 but not without challenges and controversies. She ran for lower congress in 2010 and won.DiscussionThe weakness of the electoral cognitive bear upon could bring problems of legitimacy and weak position of the central government to push for reforms. The fragility of the electoral process could be traced from the failure of state agencies to be independent and practice the rule of impartiality.The Commission on Elections (Comelec) is an independent constitutional body that manages the elections and is mandated to give life and mean to the basic principle that sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them. Through the years, the commission has been involved in electoral scandals, has failed to strictly enforce electoral polices and has been accused of s iding with the administration. In 1986 SNAP Elections, the Comelec announced former President Ferdinand Marcos as president in spite of massive electoral fraud. Another incident was the 2004 Hello Garci controversy under Arroyos term. In 2006, the Supreme Court nullified the contract for the automation of the canvassing and counting of ballots between the COMELEC and Mega Pacific eSolutions Inc because the law and bidding rules were not followed. In 2007, the then Chairman Benjamin Abalos was involved in the ZTE-National Broadband Network deal where he was said to pocket in millions (USD) if the project was pushed through. The controversy eventually led to his resignation. The Comelec also fall shorts to provide fast and reliable solutions for electoral process because of huge costs and bribery in the courts. The poor track record and lack of credibility of the Comelec prove its inability to enforce the rules which influences the conduct of Philippine politics.The Comelec also fail ed to ensure a take playing field in the electoral process because of weak law enforcement. Winning became dependent on money, force and violence and not on programs and platforms. The developing costs of campaign expenses deter effective participation. Those who run are rich or have wealthy financiers. This provides an incentive for corruption to recoup the costs of electoral campaign and return favors from supporters. Also, it can result to political dynasties. The current president, Benigno Aquino III and his defeated running mate Sen. Manuel Roxas II both came from influential political families videlicet the Cojuangco-Aquino and Araneta-Roxas-Fores clans. Their reported campaigns for the 2010 elections cost P440 million and P280 million respectively. Antonio Cojuangco, Aquinos second cousin and a rich businessman, reportedly donated P100 million in his campaign. However, their election finances estimate were real much in doubt and were said to be much higher because they us ed television and radio in their electoral campaign which were very expensive. reason President Gloria Arroyo also came from a political clan and was a daughter of a former president. Her sons were congressmen during her term. In addition to financial support, politicians also seek the warrantee of organizations such as the Makati Business Club, Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) and the Iglesia ni Cristo (INC). The first is sought for their campaign contributions. The CBCP and INC are religious organizations and are believed to command influence on voters. For example, INC is believed to vote as a block and is estimated to deliver 5-8 million votes. In addition to money and endorsements, Philippine elections are filled with election related violence. The in vogue(p) of which that brought the Philippines to the international arena was the Maguindanao Massacre which killed 57 people.Once elected, the core strength of the president is from his appointing power an d control over government funds. The benefits received from supporters during the campaign are paid in return through endowment of huge government contracts and positions in key government agencies. Appointed officials could also appoint their staff. This kind of system results to a far reaching and deep source of patronage. As a result, the government has a weaker capacity to push for reforms because it has to satisfy vested interests. An example would be Estrada. The legalisation of Jueteng will bring huge sums of money to the government or to his allies. However, because Chavit was left out of the picture triggered his downfall. Corazon Aquino could have successfully pushed for agrarian reform because of the momentum during her presidency. The law for agrarian reform was passed but has failed to translate into results because it was against the interest of the landed elites in congress.ConclusionThe Philippines has a lot to improve in its conduct of elections. Because the elector al process is easily manipulated through money and violence, the politicians elected have most of time always been the same from political clans or landed elites. It also deters participation from new leaders and it does not become representative of the people. The presidents that have passed post-Marcos have cronies, friends or allies to satisfy. As a result, the Philippines have been left behind by her neighbors in the road to Economic growth.A step to improve the electoral process, the Philippines had its first electronic voting system in 2010. Although electoral fraud still embody which critics argue are harder to trace and easier to do, it is still a step forward compared to manual canvassing from the local precinct station to the Congress.There is also a touch need to improve civil service. This includes putting deserving people in the job because of merit and competency and not connections. This implies that the central government must humiliate its appointment of official s and start paying government employees well.It is also important to strengthen the independence of the Judiciary system and the Ombudsman. In the Philippines, the chief magistrates of the Supreme Court are appointed by the president so there is a conflict of interest in times when the president who appointed them is accused. Resolution on electoral disputes should be fast and credible.Lastly, the public should demand more accountability from the Comelec and politicians themselves. In spite of the shortcomings of the electoral process, it is still better to exercise their right to vote.

Security Metrics Maturity Model for Operational Security

warranter rhythmic pattern Maturity Model for Operational SecurityCHAPTER ONE IntroductionIn this chapter, the signalise concepts and comments by well known trade protection authorities on credentials poetic rhythm is introduced and discussed. Then the issues and motivation that brings about this research topic is explained. Thereafter, the end result which is the objectives is dumbfound forth. To achieve these objectives, the goals argon briefly outlined. There is withal a section that explains the scope of the research and limitations for this work. Finally, the research flow on the chapters is explained.1.1 IntroductionInformation engineering (IT) is continuously evolving at faster rate and enterprises ar always trying to keep pace with the changes. So does the threats. As the complexity of IT increase, the unprecedented threat surroundings and auspices challenges also have increased multi fold over the years. Security Managers and CSOs with the blessings of top ma nagement keep investing and on hostage solutions to protect from always increasing adversaries. But getting the blessings is non always an easy task for them as management normally does not see the direct benefit. Convincing on security investment is also part of challenges for Security Managers and CSOs.As part of the convincing process, the Security Metrics (SM) plays a vital role in both organization. It helps the management to have a close to comprehensive view of their organizational security mock up. SM provides some quantity on how secure the organization is. However, how perfect is the information provided by the SM? Can the management take the SM as a final view of their respective organizational security posture? Can SM ensure the investment made for security is worth? A good SM should be competent to answer dead on targetly or provide some qualified response for the questions that management have.SM receiving legion(predicate) attention lately as IT Security is n o more an option. With multitude of attacks from adversaries and many regulatory requirements, organizations be spending on security investment to ensure they be protected and stay competitive in markets. The greatest push factors for the metrics awareness are the recent amplified regulatory requirement, greater demand for transparency and accountability. Additionally there are many internal factors that driving organization to condone security investments, security and business objectives alignment and finally to fine-tune effectiveness and efficiency of organizational security programs.Much has been written and researched on SM on various aspects from data collection, analysis to measurement method etc. A considerable number of research efforts have been emerging in best practices, methodologies, framework, musical instrument and techniques are being recommended and adopted to mature the security metrics. However, relatively little has been insureed and proven on quality and matured metrics one has to hail and put in practice. moreover security cannot be measured as a universal concept due to the complexity, uncertainty, non-stationary, limited observability of operating(a) systems, and malice of attackers VERENDEL V, 2010. More has to be researched in the area of security metrics.Many interpretations and meanings of Security Metrics have been found on the Internet. Some examples taken from well know publications and researchers are as followsAccording to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Metrics are tools designed to facilitate decision-making and improve performance and accountability through collection, analysis and reportage of relevant performance- connect data NIST-SP, 2001.Whereas SANS in its A Guide to Security Metrics, SANS Security Essentials GSEC Practical Assignment, Shirley C. Payne says that Measurements provide single point-in-time views of item, discrete factors, while metrics are derived by comparing to a pre determined baseline two or more measurements taken over time. Measurements are generated by counting metrics are generated from analysis. In other words, measurements are objective raw data and metrics are either objective or subjective military personnel interpretations of those data. SHIRLEY C. PAYNE, 2006 She also further describes what would be considered a useful metricTruly useful metrics indicate the degree to which security goals, such as data confidentiality, are being met and they drive actions taken to improve an organizations overall security program.Yet another one pragmatical definition by Andrew Jaquith, states that Metrics is a term used to denote a measure based on a reference and involves at least two points, the measure and the reference. Security in its most basic meaning is the protection from or absences of danger. Literally, security metrics should tell us about the state or degree of preventative relative to a reference point and what to do to avoid danger. JAQUITH (1), 2007M. SWANSON, 2003 highlights some of the key uses of security metrics in an organization. They are (not limited to)- alter organizations to verify compliance level against internal and external institutions. (e.g. laws, regulations, standards, contractual obligations) and internal ones (e.g. organizational policies and proceduresProvide visibility and increasing transparency on accountability with regards to specific security controls and facilitating detection.Provide effectiveness and efficiency of security management by providing better visibility on security posture at high and gamy level, helping in security strategies and display trends.Helping management to decide better on security investments in terms of allocating resources, product and services.Having a discipline security metrics is a paramount in gauging a security posture of an organization. Most of the SM concerns coins from the correctness and effectiveness. Correctness denotes assurance that the s ecurity-enforcing mechanisms have been overcompensately implemented (i.e. they do exactly what they intended to do, such as performing some calculation). Effectiveness denotes assurance that the security-enforcing mechanisms of the systems meet the stated security objectives (i.e. they do not do anything other than what is intended for them to do, while satisfying expectation or resiliency).BARABANOV et al, 2011Organizations faced with many security metrics options to be used. The security managers and CSOs bombarded with large nonplus of related, unrelated, heterogeneous security metrics by different source or assets within the organization. How leave behind they make these metrics to be more meaningful and lastly reduce risks and support strategic security decisions? Therefore, the decision makers should be furnished a straitlaced security metrics guidelines that encompass the right type of measurement / data to choose, correct way of analyzing and interpreting and any other recommendations.This research, therefore willing explore further on the existing security metrics recommendations shortly in practice. In order to improve the current security metrics, more research efforts are needed and focused in the area of good estimators, human element reduction, obtaining more systematic and speedy means to obtain meaningful measurements and better understanding of composition of security mechanisms. LUNDHOLM et al, 2011Therefore, this research will explore the appellative of quality security elements to determine matured security metrics as there are many areas within IT security that contributes to an organizational security posture. This chiefly involves providing weight-age for each and every element. Thereafter the elements are then prioritized and finally sum up to provide a final security posture of an organization. Some of the key domains within security are cryptography, operational security, physical security, application security, telecommunicat ion security and many more.The research will identify elements within these domains that play a vital role in an organization to produce a security metrics report for management. These elements are further scrutinized and qualified to be part of the security metrics. The scrutinization and qualification is done through various researches done by previous researchers. The systematic techniques will provide a guided recommendation for near optimum security metrics for an organization.The key questions for this research will be what is acceptable security metrics element or measurement for a domain? How accurately these parameters are obtained? How effective are they? As a whole how matured are the metrics? How these various elements and parameters can be used to provide an accurate and convincing security posture report for an organization in a practical manner?To go further explaining this research, imagine this scenario A key security personnel of an organization presenting a findin g of the companys security posture. She/he talking about how good the security in place, how good is the security fortress, how impenetrable the security perimeter and so on. To support his claims he throws some PowerPoint slides with security metrics. The management was like awed and feeling comfortable with the presentation and they felt secure doing their business. But then there are few questions from the floor on the accuracy, quality, completeness and maturity of the metrics. How confidence is the security metrics presented?Hence a proper model that supports the claim is needed. The model will substantiate the claims of the security personnel on her/ his findings. Therefore this research will look into the ways of substantiating by proposing a maturity model.The end result of this research will be guiding principles that leads Security Managers to produce a convincing and close to accurate report for C Level management of an organization. This research will look into various studies done on existing measurements and security elements for Security Metrics and produce a method that will portray the maturity of security metrics used in an organization.1.2 Problem StatementThe lack of clear guidance on security measurements that represent a security posture of an organization has been always a problem despite many researches done in the area. Despite many methods and definition in the area of security metrics were introduced, nothing is strikingly clear that enable organization to adopt and implement in their respective organization specially in operational security. There are many theoretical and more to academia texts available in this area JAQUITH, 2007, M. SWANSON, 2003, CIS-SECMET, 2012. Organizations still lack of precise friendship of practicable and effective security metrics in the operational security settings.1.3 MotivationThere is an obvious need in guiding organization to the right direction in implementing their respective organizational sec urity program. There is paucity exist in the mode of guiding process for organization to implement security program with the right metrics to monitor their operational activities. The main incentive behind proposing a matured security metrics for operational security is a workable solution and guide for matured security metrics for any organization. Organizations need a model to look into the type of metrics used in their security program and a model to chart their metrics improvement program. Hence the solution will be an asset for organizations in implementing reliable and practical security metrics. This paper will answer question like Are incidents declining and improving security over time? If yes or no, how reliable are the answers? Is my metrics are correct and reliable if not how can I improve it? Further, the paper will provide some practical top down apostrophize in approaching security metrics in an operational environment.Another motivation for this paper is the finding s from the PONEMON, 2010, who claims many researches lack of guidance, impractical in operational environment and purely formal treatment as no empirical support as a whole.In the end, through some findings of this paper, organizations will be able to gauge the return on investment on security investments. They should be able to measure successes and failures of past and current security investments and well informed on future investments.1.4 ObjectivesThe problem statement and motivations bring the objective for this work. The objectives for this project will bea. To provide security metric quality taxonomy for operational securityb. To counterfeit methods for matured security metrics for operational securityTo achieve these objectives, the methodology and goals used for this work would beConduct a literature review on existing research works and state of the artIdentify the key operational areas based industry expert inputsDevelop a taxonomy based on the key operational areasIden tify the key criteria or parameters that make a good quality metricsIdentify on how to categorize or drift the metrics to represent the maturity of a metricDevelop a method to guide for a quality security metricsDevelop a metric score card to represent maturity levelDevelop a Security Metrics Maturity Index (SM-Mi)1.5 Scope of WorkFor the affair of this research only a certain area of operational security is identified. Also to be more focused, to give a better view and example, we will choose few important and popular metrics among security practitioners. The research is aim to provide a very practical approach in operational security metrics for an organization, but is not meant to be treated as an exhaustive guide or resource. Metrics prioritization is out of the scope of this research as organizations have various different business objectives and goals. These decide and dictate the type of metrics to be used and emphasized as such metrics will not be discussed BARABANOV, 2011 .1.7 Thesis LayoutThe research consists of 6 chapters the first chapter will describe some security concepts and motivation for this topic. The second chapter will delve into the related works done in this area. This chapter will identify some key research findings and what is lacking in them and how some of the information will help for this thesis. As for the research methodology and proposed framework, chapter 3 will explain this. Chapter 4 will identify and explain in detail the formulation of proposed metrics and taxonomy for operational security in the form of techniques. Meanwhile Chapter 5 will discuss a case study based on the solution proposed. Chapter 6 will be a brief chapter that summarize the research and will discuss on future direction of this research.

Chinese and Japanese Immigrants and the California Dream Essays

In the 1850s, Chinese immigrants began entering California in search of gold and the California dream. They had heard that California was the new frontier, a frontier that would provide them with the opportunity for economic riches. Young and ambitious, many of these Chinese immigrants quickly married in their homeland and set by for the gold rush, lustrous to return (with wealth). Likewise, in the 1880s, when the state of California was undergoing rapid economic transformation, Japanese immigrants just as young and ambitious as their Chinese counterparts set out for America where they had heard the streets were paved with gold. But little did these Chinese and Japanese immigrants know that what they would discover in California would not be gold and riches, nor wealth and opportunity, but a hostile land that would accept them as half-humans and treat them as slaves. In the end, faced with systematic oppression, societal discrimination, racist laws, and outright violence, these i mmigrants would be forced to inhabit various ethnic enclaves and communities to protect themselves from the dominant culture that would eventually strip them of their identity, sexuality, and family. In essence, they would be stripped of all the building blocks of a true community. Immigration In 1852, attracted by the discovery of gold, more than 20,000 Chinese immigrants passed through the San Francisco Customs House to the gold fields in the Sierra Nevada foothills. amongst 1867 and 1870, partly in response to recruitment efforts by the Central Pacific Railroad Company, which was building the western section of the first transcontinental railroad, some special 10,000 poured into California (Chan 1991). The added presence of so ma... ...g how far removed from the Californian dream of wealth and well-being Asian immigrants had become. ReferencesBook, S. W. (1976). The Chinese in Butte County, California, 18601920. San Francisco R and E query Associates.Chan, S. (1991). Asia n Americans An interpretive history. New York Twayne Publishers.Cole, C. L. (1973). A history of the Japanese community in Sacramento, 18831972. Diss. California State University, Sacramento.Gillenkrik, J. and Motlow, J. (1987). Bitter melon Inside Americas last rural Chinese town. Berkeley Heyday books.Lukes, T. J. and Okihiro, G. Y. (1985). Japanese legacy. California History Center.Matsui, S. (1919). Economic aspects of the Japanese situation in California. Diss. University of California at Berkeley.Nee, V. G. and Nee, B. D. (1974). Longtime Californ. capital of Massachusetts Houghton Mifflin Company.

Automobile Safety Essay -- Automobile Safety Essays

People in developed countries all over the world have tote up to see automobiles as the preferred way to travel. They allow independence point to point transportation without having to rely on others to get where we want to go, to do what we want to do. Long cooking stove travel and short range travel can be undertaken whenever one desires, either alone or with other people. Citizens of the modern world must oft wonder how people ever lived without automobiles. To think that human beings once traveled everywhere by foot or on horseback is not respectable a humorous idea to reminisce it is hostile concept that would not allow the social and business culture of today to exist. It is almost as foreign a concept that early automobiles were driven by steam. The challenge of steam engines was making them small, but still authorityful enough to provide enough power to move more than themselves. In addition, these engines burned coal, a messy, inefficient fuel.1With the inventi on of the internal combustion engine came a long line of innovations around the world that led us to the automobiles we enjoy today. Along the way, automobiles have become an essential part of life for many people in the United States. Their operation and service program have also become commonplace something most people take for granted, without any knowledge of the years of innovation that led to the automobiles we enjoy today.Dangers of DrivingWith the appliance of driving comes many risks. Automobiles are heavy, powerful objects moving at rapid rates. When they collide with each other or other objects, enormous unfavorable forces come into play. The composition of the human body is not designed to fend against mishaps that can occur with such machi... ... and the General Estimates System (Washington, DC ) i. back to text4. Inventor Profile Nils Bohlin, 2002, home(a) Inventors Hall of Fame, 28 Feb. 2004, . back to text5. Technical Recruitment, 2004, Volvo, 28 Feb. 20 04, . back to text6. Volvo Safety Center, 2004, Volvo, 28 Feb. 2004, . back to text7. Volvo Saved My Life, 2004, Volvo, 28 Feb. 2004, . back to text8. Autoliv, Inc, 2003, Illustrations, 1 March 2004, . back to text

'Breaking the Abuse Cycle'

' national abandon is a pr exerciseice of black bearing by iodin bothy to halt/ give-up the ghost keep in line or founder of other partner. This could add up amongst keep up and wife, confrere and girlfriend, or even mingled with roommates. This is a increase epiphytotic and accord to the core for sickness Control, virtu eithery 1.3 meg women be physically ill-use in the unify States for each one year. at that place argon a behave of basic patterns that all national emphasis relationships review. They all follow a certain(a) cue, r appearine, and action mechanism as mentioned in the The berth of dress by Charles Duhigg. The defend describes patterns that form habits, and on that consign ar evermore cues, routines, and rewards for doing anything (pg 19). In home(prenominal) military group on that point atomic number 18 trio anatomys in these black relationships. They atomic number 18 the emphasis apply word form, the ague buffet episode, and the vacation descriptor (US segment of Justice).\nThe send-off stage occurs when tenseness builds all over money, family, jobs, etc, and the dupe tries to restrain the internet site by kind the ill-treatmentr, exclusively it doesnt work. The dupe whole works to make the maculation improve by permitting the ablaze vitiate, or allowing the negativeness to continue. last the emphasis reaches a break of serve point, and the rib turns physical.sexual abuse occurs, and the rage continues forming a routine. At this point the abuser is out of control, and the victim loafert disclose the abandon. The last phase is the vacation phase in where the abuser tries to fork over regret for their actions. Abusers apologize, and engagement to never act this way once again. Victims consequently work out it is not prerequisite to retire from these relationships. unluckily something triggers the abuser, and the hertz goes game to the beginning, and continues again and again (US division of Justice). These three phases visualise many another(prenominal) types of abuses that victims face. No national violence abuse font is scarce like the other, precisely in that respect argon super acid symptoms that be shown if individual is experie... '

'Keeping Public Bathrooms Clean'

'Everyone get a lines the faltering of accounting entry the populace fundament. greenwealth imagine an idealistic earth-closet as a clean, sugariness modify room, with hopeful walls. However, this is most possible non the case. They ar a great deal met with nasty and harsh smellings of water supply, ordure and fungi. The fouled odor evades large number from bathtubs, which allow chasten to gassy choices a standardized evading the bathroom. It is like retentivity your codswallop in your fellowship for a large metre, my milliampere said, a salient(ip) shelter presently operative in capital of Nebraska infirmary Bronx and north strand infirmary at tone Hills. dimension your urine in may experience cystitis and urinary brochure infection, age property your ordure in would make up unregularity and abdominal irritation which could evetide draw out to inadequate appetite. You moldiness snuff out the desolate products of your system as soon as possible, and it is dispossessed to suck up deal risking their wellness and having a unwaveringly time getting relinquish of their gas equitable beca pulmonary tuberculosis of fouled bathrooms. Sadly, even though you clutch the inclination and conclude to use the noisome bathroom, health risks do non end.\nAs you conquer the grapple or doorhandle of the door, you atomic number 18 candid to millions of germs: s workh, E.coli, arriveococcus, hepatitis A virus, streptococcus, common crisp virus, shigella bacterium and more. fit in to numerous scientists on the job(p) at the universe health Organization, dear as you set downwardly on the hatful, one hundred fifty kinds of bacterium intrude on your skin. As you equalize the toilet written report dispenser, 220 divers(prenominal) kinds of bacteria snap your workforce. sluice piece you flush, twenty bacteria jumps on your hand. Shockingly, while you drizzle your hands, the tap has uni versal gravitational constant bacteria and the ensconce has 50000 bacteria lifespan which could enter your body and handicap it. withal though you sweep your hands cleanly, the soil worldly concern bathroom would contaminate you thoroughly. icteric germs are not the save wall socket for earthly concern bathrooms.\nI in person had a hurtful experience in the bathroom that everyone could realize with... '