35 Fossil Words

35 Fossil Words 35 Fossil Words 35 Fossil Words By Mark Nichol Some of the most intriguing words in the English language are what linguists call fossil words, so named because they are artifacts from another era and survive only in isolated usage. Here is a list of some of our language’s fossil words with definitions and the idiomatic phrases in which they appear: 1. Ado: bother over unimportant details (â€Å"without further ado† or, more rarely, â€Å"much ado about nothing†) 2. Amok (or amuck): in an uncontrolled manner (â€Å"run amok†) 3. Bandy: hit, pass, or toss around, or discuss lightly or employ off-handedly (â€Å"bandy about†); bowed (â€Å"bandy-legged†) 4. Bated: restrained or deducted (â€Å"wait with bated breath†) 5. Batten: lumber for flooring or for sealing or strengthening a joint or a flexible object such as a sail (â€Å"board and batten†); to provide or fasten with battens, or to fasten (â€Å"batten down the hatches†) 6. Beck: summons (â€Å"at (one’s) beck and call†) 7. Bygones: what has passed or is in the past (â€Å"let bygones be bygones†) 8. Craw: stomach or crop (â€Å"sticks in (one’s) craw†) 9. Deserts: excellence or worth, or what is deserved or merited (â€Å"just deserts†) 10. Dint: force or power (â€Å"by (sheer) dint of†) 11. Dudgeon: indignation (â€Å"high dudgeon†) 12. Eke: accomplish or get with difficulty (â€Å"eke out†) 13. Fettle: state of health or fitness (â€Å"in fine fettle†) 14. Fro: away or back (â€Å"to and fro†) 15. Hale: sound or very healthy (â€Å"hale and hearty†) 16. Hither: near or adjacent, or to this place (â€Å"hither and yon†) 17. Immemorial: before memory or tradition (â€Å"time immemorial†) 18. Jetsam: what is cast overboard from a ship (â€Å"flotsam and jetsam†) distinguished from flotsam, a word denoting what floats from the wreckage of a ship (that term is used elsewhere than in the phrase â€Å"flotsam and jetsam† and so is not listed separately here) 19. Ken: range of knowledge, perception, or understanding, or view or range of vision (â€Å"beyond (one’s) ken†) 20. Kith: friends, neighbors, or relatives (â€Å"kith and kin†) 21. Loggerhead: blockhead (â€Å"at loggerheads,† meaning blocked, or stalled, by stubbornness); also, a type of turtle 22. Mettle: quality, or vigor or strength of, temperament (â€Å"test (one’s) mettle†) 23. Neap: a weak tide (â€Å"neap tide†) 24. Offing: the near future (â€Å"in the offing†); also, the deep ocean as seen from the shore 25. Petard: a container of explosives for breaching or breaking a barrier (â€Å"hoist by (one’s) petard†) 26. Shebang: everything that is pertinent (â€Å"the whole shebang†) 27. Shrift: confession (â€Å"short shrift,† with the idea that a condemned person is given little time to confess sins) 28. Sleight: stratagem, dexterity (â€Å"sleight of hand†) 29. Thither: more remote, or to that place (â€Å"hither and thither†) 30. Turpitude: depravity (â€Å"moral turpitude†) 31. Ulterior: beyond what is openly expressed (â€Å"ulterior motive†); also, farther, or more distant, or what is on the farther side 32. Vim: robustness (â€Å"vim and vigor†) 33. Wreak: bring about or cause (â€Å"wreak havoc†) 34. Wrought: manufactured, ornamented, or shaped, or excited (â€Å"wrought iron†) 35. Yore: the far past (â€Å"days of yore†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About Legs, Feet, and Toes15 Types of DocumentsConversational Email

How to Write a Research Proposal for PhD

How to Write a Research Proposal for PhD How to Write a Research Proposal for PhD The PhD research proposal is the first important step of doctoral studies. The aim of the research proposal is to provide information about the intended research project. A typical research proposal consists of the following parts: A working title of the topic area: This must give the essence of the proposed research, not just convey the key words associated with the proposed research. General overview of area: this is an introduction that should be a brief abstract of the general area of study and also signify the discipline(s) within which it falls. Detailed literature review: it is here that you need to develop your proposal to demonstrate that you are aware of the debates and critical issues raised in relevant bodies of literature. You need to show your familiarity with major lines of argument which have been developed in your area. It is important to reference key articles and texts to establish that you appreciate their relevance to your research area. As your PhD is an original piece of research, you should demonstrate that. The area you propose to research has not been studied before. Identify your niche, which will lead on to the thesis preparation. Your key research questions: You need to show that the topic can be completed within the normal time period allowed, so focus on key questions within your niche area. State the key issues that your research intends to address and what empirical phenomena or theoretical debates are driving your research proposal? Try to be specific. Methodology used: You need to demonstrate you have an awareness of the methodological tools available to you what ones will suit your research. You need to specify the approach you feel will be most appropriate. You should therefore indicate where and how you might collect any relevant data. It is also worth saying something about the subjects of the research and give justification. Your proposal may be interesting, relevant, supported by literature, but if it is not practical to carry out because of problems with data gathering, it will not work. Your research question must reflect your data gathering resources. Time planning: You need to demonstrate an awareness of the need for planning and the timescale of the research. Conclusion: Finally, conclude the research proposal by indicating how you envisage the contribution that your research will make to debates and discussions in your particular subject area. Bibliography: You should include a short list of references to key articles and texts included in the application. Form The research proposal is not only judged on content, it is also judged on form. It must be formatted, use correct grammar, spelling, syntax and punctuation. It should be between 4,000 – 8,000 words. At writing service you can get professional PhD research proposal help in any discipline and topic. Just fill in the order form and we will find the best writer for you!

Online education can be good supplement to regular school education Research Paper

Online education can be good supplement to regular school education - Research Paper Example According to Doan, Kim and Bloomfield (65), this kind of education is facilitated by virtual schools which are web-based programs catering for distance education students’ needs. Virtual schools provide facilitation for online education by providing the necessary learning environment consisting of software and hardware essential for online learning (Means 9). In the list of what virtual schools provide are cyber schools, electronic schools, cyber charts and e-schools. The internet has been observed to contain information overload (Greenblatt and Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly 788). This information is important in providing expansion of knowledge that is attained in regular school education. Thus, online learning serves this purpose of adding to the learning attained through regular school education programs. The combination of both, regular school learning and online learning, characteristically comprise what is referred to as blended learning. This has substantial benefits to an individual’s knowledge enrichment. The delivery as well as receiving of online courses involves relatively user-friendly essential software and hardware. The software system utilized for the packaging the communication tools, grade book, course content among other essential elements of the course is the learning management system (LMS) (Doan, Kim and Bloomfield 63). The second essential software for online learning is the student information system (SIS) which basically manages the students’ data (Ibid 63). Online instructors and students utilize audio and video plug-ins: to share course contents. Basic productivity software such as web browsers, Microsoft Word, Adobe Acrobat Reader and Microsoft PowerPoint are important for a variety of activities expected of the instructors and students for information sharing (Ibid 64). Hardware requirements are also

Computer Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Computer Security - Essay Example These measures although controversial and undefined currently in their basic emphasis and in all certainty aim to reduce free access, ease of use, timeliness and the completely cost effective advantages that attract such a high level of abuse to the facility. This in itself is a true loss with legitimate users caught in the cross fire and being on the receiving end of all the barriers that are proposed to the easy usage of email and web access. The core problem with spam is that it bears the senders almost no cost to send the spam. The network service providers and the recipients bear the cost. Hence the cost associated with spam weighs down on the receivers in terms of reduced convenience and higher cost resulting from the proposed proof of work that aims to alter the economics of spam, by requiring that the send commit to a per-email cost. There are many reasons why a systemic spam response has not been adopted. This is mainly because the proposed responses lack in suitable aspects and hence cannot be generally adopted as a counter for the issue at hand. This issue being largely the enabling factor that spam is cheap to send. The most original and highly examined model to deter spam is the proof-of-word model. This comprises a set of proposals, in which email senders would be required to pay money, perform a resource-intensive computation, perform a series of memory operations, or post a bond for each message sent. The working assumption of this model was to deter spam by making it uneconomic to send a large number of messages, while enabling legitimate users to send small number of messages. Hence proof of work reverses the cost model of email by charging the sender instead of the user. All these components of the proof of work model seem promising however a uniform POW mechanism will not. Firstly because if it is expensive enough to stop spammers it must be so expensive that it will also stop legitimate users. Infact, the cost to a spammer would have to be a magnitude higher than the cost to a legitimate user because spammers face very different production costs due to spambots. The model does not accommodate these variable magnitudes. Second it is proposed that POW might work if it is combined with anti spam efforts such as reputation systems and per-email spam identification mechanisms. However criticism of this approach is based on the fact that these efforts suffer from penalizing new IP addresses and discarding incorrectly identified email which is a type of effort difficult to balance and will result in either new entrants being not allowed to send email, or each ne IP address will be allowed to send enough email that spam remains profitable. Changes to the current infrastructure are necessary to counter spam. It is suggested in various researches that unsolicited bulk email is such a problem on the internet mainly because the current economic framework and the basic infrastructure for email handling does little to discourage it . It

Value of a university degree Essay Example for Free

Value of a university degree Essay ?Even after many years of deep recession, an economy is still recovering and job market is still narrow. Because of this, job seekers mainly teenagers and school leavers, are realizing the value and importance of a university degree. In addition, with large pool of job seekers, having the university degree plays an important role in job application since this is the first attribute that an employer looks for when shortlisting. Therefore, obtaining the university degree is vitally important and has several benefits. This essay will discuss some of these benefits including better employment opportunities, self-confidence and university experience. Employment opportunities are far better for students with university degree because it makes them marketable and give them access to greater social benefits. Firstly, majority of employers when hiring are looking for students with the university degree because this assures the employers that students are capable of learning new things required for job. Secondly, it is widely believed that people with university degree tend to obtain a high salary jobs which empowers them to manage their finances efficiently. In addition, people tend to have better future savings with high salary and therefore, they can sustain hard times whenever there will be a downturn in the economy. Finally, they can also have right to use better health and retirement benefits, for example, health insurance and superannuation respectively. Students are likely to gain self-confidence by involving themselves in various university activities. When studying at university, students learn with constant exposure to a wide range of different activities such as lectures, group discussion, research, presentation and other university activities. In addition, students increase their ability to analyse and solve problems, plan and complete academic projects. These activities encourage students to build their interest and explore new ideas, which also develop their interpersonal skills. Nevertheless, students have the opportunity to work together with different cultures and groups and improve their communication skills, for example, students travel and explore different countries in exchange programs which open their doors to wider community, language and culture and help them to appreciate their society. All these factors help students to develop their self-confidence and make them stronger when stepping into a job market, which also give students an advantage over those without university degree. University experience is  another essential benefit of university degree because with university lifestyle students gain exposure to multi-culture and social milieu. Further, students make new friends and personal connections by interacting with friends, class fellows and people from different countries. Students also become open-minded when spend time with people from different ethos and backgrounds, which help students to accept people for what they are and see the world in a realistic way. Moreover, students acquire guidance and mentoring from their lecturers which help them to make wise future decisions and choose right career path. Another advantage for students is to become independent. Most students need to manage their expenses while studying at university, for this they have to work part time to cover their university education and at the same time preparing for exams too. Therefore, university lifestyle helps students to learn how to balance their lives and become organised. These university experiences convert students from teenagers to grown-ups, help them to think liberally and prepare them to compete in the real world. To conclude, obtaining the university degree opens the door to wide range of opportunities for students and makes them marketable. With university degree students are most likely to have high earning and they are able to achieve their personal and professional goals. The university degree makes students stronger to compete with others in a job market and help them to make informed future decisions. Moreover, for most students it gives grounding in social life and making contacts. Since, the university degree is an essential aspect of education, there should be free seminars that provide information about importance of education and how it will help them in long run. Word count: 654.

Radar Detector :: Speeding Technology Essays

Radar Detector Radar, which stands for Radio Detection and Ranging, was developed for military purposes. The British and US military used radar to locate ships and airplanes. However, when they were using this technology annoying blips consistently appeared on its screen. It turned out that these blips were raindrops. They saw this hindrance as a wonderful opportunity and in 1957 created the WSR-57 (weather surveillance, 1957), which became the primary radar for the weather service for nearly 40 years. This technology was later further developed and used for other purposes such as air traffic control. They use radar to track planes both on ground and air, and also to guide planes in for smooth landings. NASA uses radar to map the earth and other planes, to track satellites and space debris and to help with things like docking and maneuvering. The military uses it to detect the enemy and guide weapons. Police use radar detector to detect the speed of passing motorist. In conclusion, radar is something that is used all around us even though it is normally invisible. When people use radar, they are usually trying to accomplish one of three things; detecting the presence of an object at a distance, detect the speed of an object, or to map something. All three of these activities can be accomplished simply by using echo and Doppler shift. These two concepts are easy to understand because your ear hears echo and Doppler shift every day. Radar makes use of the same techniques using radio waves. One particular usage of this radar technology is for transportation purposes. For many people, speeding is a normal part of daily life. This law bending is so common and also so accepted that there is even a special electronic equipment to help drivers get away with it. Since their introduction in 1970s by Mike Churchman, radar detectors have become a must have accessories for high-speed drivers. To understand how radar detector work, you first have to know what they are detecting. The concept of measuring vehicle speed is very simple. A basic speed gun is just a radio Transmitter and receiver combined into one unit. A radio transmitter is a device that oscillates an electrical current so that the voltage goes up and down at a certain frequency.

Roles of Women in the American Civil War

The American Civil War was, as all wars are, affected not only by the men fighting on the battlefield, but by the women who served on the home front, in military hospitals, and occasionally next to men on the battlefield. Just as women influenced the war, the war changed the world in which the women lived. The women’s rights movement began shortly before the Civil War, and continued through the war, growing stronger as women were touched by the war, and longed for rights equal to men. Women supported men by donating supplies to the effort in both the North and the South.Women served as soldiers, worked in military hospitals, and spied to discover valuable information to aid their homeland. Women were a very valuable resource during the war, and the war was very influential on the way women lived their lives in America. Before the Civil War, women’s roles in America were changing. Economic modernization caused the production of items previously made by women to occur out side of the home. In some cases, families needed women to work for wages in or out of the home. [i] In most cases, however, the men left for work while the women stayed at home to tend to the house and raise the children.This caused the existence of â€Å"separate spheres. †[ii] With this shift in production, the purpose of the home changed. Mothers were the source of love and nurturing for the children. When families became more centered on love and affection, midle class families started having fewer children. [iii] This, in turn, caused women to be able to be more active in society, since they were not constantly expecting or nursing a newborn. [iv] In the early and middle 1800s, women moved out of the home and into the public sphere.Many unmarried women had little chance of being planters, and they were not hired in the city. [v] Most commonly, women worked from the home. Occupations that took place outside of their home were traditional feminie roles of seamstress, laund ress, or nanny. Few women were able to acquire jobs in retail, and women with larger homes could open a boardinghouse. [vi] Women (and children) worked in factories for wages and served humanity, and were generally overlooked by others. [vii] In the North, the manufacturing of cloth items such as clothing moved from the home to factories.Northern women increasingly could purchase thred, cloth, and clothing, while the South had fewer factories, so clothing was made in the home. [viii] Southern women did not question their place in society and admired the traditional way of life on their plantations. [ix] With fewer children and much less work at home, families sent their children to school more, and the public education system changed. The school became responsible for education and social skills. Women became more involved in the schooling system, and most teachers were women. Because of this, women needed to be educated, too. x] Women found work as schoolteachers because the enviro nment was safer and more comfortable than a factory. [xi] Other women worked as private music, dance, or art tutors. They did, however, make low salaries. Though women found employment as teachers and in factories and shops, they longed for a traditional family life. [xii] Education was viewed different in the North and in the South. In the North, women were expected by intelligent and independent free thinkers, while Southern women were expected to use their intellect to make polie conversation and support their ladylike character. xiii] Increasingly during the Antebellum period, women learned how to read. More families owned books and taught their children how to read. [xiv] Wealthy families may have had private libraries, from which daughters could read a variety of literature to maintain intellectual abilities. [xv] Though more women learned to read, many Southern women remained illiterate – some white women could not even write their own name. [xvi] Young women often pre ffered romantic novels that described a fantasy life out of her reach, which caused parents to encourage solid, factual literature.Surprisingly, women were interested in learning the things men learned, and yearned for an education equal to that of their husbands and brothers. [xvii] Unfortunately, the advancement of education for Southern women was far behind that for Northern women, and was only available to the rich, leaving poorer girls from farming families feeling more ignorant and belittled. [xviii] Women in the North were becoming increasingly active in the public arena, and hungered for a say in government. Previously, women persuaded their husbands on moral ground and raised moral citizens; now they began taking a tand for themselves, speaking to legislators about their concerns. [xix] The most common way that women participated in society was by serving with churches and joining temperance and antislavery societies. [xx] Some women â€Å"delivered political tirades, deno unced officials, gave advice on military strategy from the lecture platform, or participated in violent public demonstrations;† these were the ones that troubled the public. [xxi] One of the most well-known femal lecturers during the civil war, Anna Dickinson, delivered speeches on the conflict between the Union and Confederacy. xxii] Her skills brought overwhelming popularity, fame, and wealth for some time, but her eccentricity and womanly unawareness of business caused her time in the spotlight to be limited. [xxiii] Since many women spoke against slavery, many men assumed that the emancipation of slaves would pull them from the public eye, and keep them back in the home. [xxiv] Many women, however, quietly expressed their opinions through personal writings and private conversations. The war was a very personal event, so women were individually affected by the choices made by their political leaders.In both the North and the South, women criticized leaders and blamed them f or the heartbreak of the time. [xxv] As women became increasingly aware of and opinionated about national politics, they yearned more and more for a say in the election of governing officials. [xxvi] The first broad attempt to achieve women’s suffrage was at the Seneca Falls convention in 1848. Nearly two hundred Americans gathered here, led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, to discuss women’s rights. [xxvii] They drafted and approved the Declaration of Sentiments, which outlined faults in the male-dominated American government, and called for a change.Unfortunately, men continued to claim that a woman’s place was in the home, not politics, and no state would make a law allowing women to vote until several decades later. [xxviii] While the women’s rights movement gained speed in the North, the South prided itself on avoiding issues of feminism. Some Southern women visited the North and attended meeting of women’s right activists, and noted that they disli ked the mixing of races and equality of sexes promoted. [xxix] Louisa McCord attacked Northern movement for femal suffrage, claiming that it took away feminity from women.She said women should display their opinion in society only through their male counterparts, not by giving public speeches and voting in elections. McCord stated that â€Å"The true woman . . . preferred caring for her family to tinkering with constitutions. †[xxx] Some women may have agreed with female superiority, but were too scared of change to bring their thoughts forward. [xxxi] Women worked to supply materials to their armies. The United States Sanitary Commission was created only weeks after the beginning of the war by Henry Bellows.He cooperated with Dorothea Dix, who was also working on forming a â€Å"nursing corps,† but Bellows did not want to work with her. Through the course of the war, Northern women worked to provide valuable materials to aid soldiers in war. [xxxii] Some soldiers were accompanied by their wives, who aided soldiers. They worked doing laundry, cooking for soldiers, nursing soldiers in emergency situations, or counseling soldiers during this traumatic time. [xxxiii] These women often cared for the men and boys as if they were her own sons.Many groups of soldiers claimed a woman as its mother figure, and continued to include and honor her long after the war. [xxxiv] While it was easier for a woman to enter the army with a husband and not be questioned too intensely, women who chose to help soldiers independently were often critisized by the public. [xxxv] Many women demonstrated their patriotism by dressing as men and fighting in the army. Even more women thought and wrote, wishing that they could be allowed to fight alongside their male counterparts. xxxvi] Regulations prevented some from attempting to join, others wrote to generals asking permission to volunteer to fight, and there were women who joined battle as a confrontation was occuring, bypa ssing official enlistment altogether. [xxxvii] The physical examination was a barrier for females – while some were not able to join because of this, other doctors lied on women’s behalf to allow them to join. Still others joined without a physical examination or even official enlistment (women may have joined soldiers and began fighting during a skirmish or battle). xxxviii] Women joined for many different reasons: to be with husbands, brothers, or fathers (though some enlisted secretly, against the wishes of relatives); to leave home; for the money or adventure; patriotism; and some, â€Å"to escape the oppresive social restrictions placed on women in that day and age. †[xxxix] While some joined with family members, others risked the end of family communications by joining. When Ellen Goodridge informed her father that she would fight alongside her fiance, her father disowned her. [xl] Young women dreamed of changing the world, of doing something important, an d joining the army could be their chance.They looked up to figures such as Joan of Arc, and wanted to achieve that kind of glory. [xli] The view of people’s enlistment choices varied by gender. While men were looked down upon if they did not fight alongside their brothers, women recieved the same social treatment if they did join the army. [xlii] Women obviously faced difficulties – menstruation, concealing their figure, and the fact of voice and lack of facial hair. To deal with thease complications, women found privacy as many modest men did and posed as adolescent boys, who often made their way into the regiments. xliii] To enhance their masculine reputation, women learned to act like men by playing cards, smoking cigars and chewing tobacco , drinking, and swearing. [xliv] One thing that helped women maintain their disguise was the fact that no soldier expected to find a woman in the ranks; men were not looking for them, so it was easier to remain unnoticed. [xlv] W ounds and hospital treatment was the most common way for a woman’s gender to be discovered. [xlvi] Unfortunately, a woman’s sex was sometimes uncovered before she even set foot on the battlefield – Sarah Collins and Mary Burns, for example. xlvii] Collins, who was of very good health and â€Å"could have easily borne the hardships incident to a soldier’s life,† was an orphaned teenager living in Wisconsin who enlisted with her brother. [xlviii] She was â€Å"detected by the was she put on her shoes and stockings† before being able to support the Union next to her brother. [xlix] Mary Burns, also a Northerner, joined to be with her significant other from Michigan. [l] She was arrested in Detroit, also before fighting next to the man with whome she enlisted. [li]These women fearlessly performed any task asked of them, and fought bravely in a situation where society assumed women would not be able to function, much less fight like the man stand ing next to her. [lii] Women soldiers readily performed any task given to them, just as if they were a male soldier. It was not uncommon that soldiers were pulled off of the field and asked to work in hospitals. [liii] Some women joined for medical service directly. [liv] Volunteers retrieved wounded from the battlefields and nursed patients as they waited for a surgeon. Women were usually untrained, and had to follw strict regulations.Many soldiers died simply from disease caused by new exposure to the ranks, and thousands died on the battlefield after being left unaided. [lv] Across the Confederacy, societies were formed to gether supplies and volunteers that were sent to Virginia to help wounded soldiers. Women learned to dress wounds efficiently, where they may have fainted at the sight before the war. [lvi] Soldiers and generals were hungry for information about the opposing side. Women sometimes gained insight from Federals through casual conversation, but others were sent nor th to spy and bring information to Jefferson Davis or General Robert E.Lee. Women carried notes filled with information hidden in hams or in the folds of their skirts. [lvii] Some hid in conspicuous places and acted as faithful members of the opposing side, others rode out after midnight to deliver information to officials. This was sometimes dangerous work – soldiers shot these women from afar to stop them from delivering secret plans or other information. [lviii] As citizens of America, the war undoubtedly impacted women. With the absence of men not experienced previously in America, women’s roles shifted ramatically, in and out of war. When men left, women took their place, and that change could not be reverted when the war was over. The result of the American Civil War – emancipation – also altered women's home life. ———————– [i] James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstructio n (New York: McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. , 2001), 19. [ii] McPherson, 19. [iii] McPherson, 20. [iv] McPherson, 20. [v] George C. Rable, Civil Wars: Women and the Crisis of Southern Nationalism (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 26. [vi] Rable, 27. vii] Mary Elizabeth Massey, Women in the Civil War (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994), 153. [viii] Rable, 27. [ix] Rable, 30. [x] McPherson, 20. [xi] Rable, 28. [xii] Rable, 29. [xiii] Rable, 18-19. [xiv] Rable, 17. [xv] Rable, 17. [xvi] Rable, 18. [xvii] Rable, 17-19. [xviii] Rable, 20-22. [xix] Jeanie Attie, Patriotic Toil: Northern Women and the American Civil War (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1998), 46. [xx] James L. Roark, et al. , The American Promise: A History of United States, 2nd ed. (Boston and New York: Bedford/St Martin’s, 2002), 380. [xxi] Massey, 153. xxii] Massey, 154. [xxiii] Massey, 154-55 [xxiv] Massey, 161. [xxv] Massey, 161. [xxvi] Michael P. Johnson, ed. , Reading the Amer ican Past: Selected Historical Documents, Volume I: To 1877, 3rd ed. (Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2005), 225-26. [xxvii] Johnson, 225-26. [xxviii] Roark, 380. [xxix] Rable, 15-16. [xxx] Rable, 16. [xxxi] Rable, 16-17. [xxxii] Attie, 78. [xxxiii] Massey, 78. [xxxiv] Massey, 78. [xxxv] Massey, 78. [xxxvi] DeAnne Blanton and Lauren M. Cook, They Fought Like Demons: Women Soldiers in the Civil War (New York:Vintage Books, 2002), 25 [xxxvii] Blanton, 25-28. xxxviii] Blanton, 25-28. [xxxix] Blanton, 30-32. [xl] Massey, 80. [xli] Massey, 78. [xlii] Blanton, 30. [xliii] Blanton, 46-50. [xliv] Blanton, 52-53. [xlv] Blanton, 57. [xlvi] Massey, 80. [xlvii] Massey, 80. [xlviii] Blanton, 33, 56. [xlix] Massey, 80. [l] Blanton, 31. [li] Blanton, 124. [lii] Francis Butler Simkins and James Welch Patton, The Women of the Confederacy (Richmond and New York: Garrett and Massie, Incorporated, 1936), 80. [liii] Blanton, 65-66. [liv] Blanton, 65-66. [lv] Simkins, 82-83. [lvi] Simki ns, 82-83. [lvii] Simkins, 82-82. [lviii] Simkins, 82-82.

Australia’s system of government Essay

The Saudi Arabian kingdom is a country that comprise of Arabs and is the largest nation of Arabian Peninsula. Saudi Arabia is sometimes referred to as â€Å"the land of the two holy mosques† and this regards to Medina and Mecca which are the most holy religions in Islamic religion (Wilson & Graham, 1994). The present kingdom in Saudi Arabia is based on the foundations of â€Å"Abdul-Aziz bin Saud†. In 1902, Abdul-Aziz began his efforts and captured the Riyadh ancestral home i. e. Al-Saud. In 1932, the efforts of Abdul-Aziz were culminated with recognition and proclamation of Saudi Arabian kingdom. However, the national origin of Saudi Arabia dates back from 1744 when the first state of Saudi was established. On the other hand, Australia, officially the Australia commonwealth is a nation in southern hemisphere consisting of the smallest mainland continent in the world, the Tasmania major islands, and other several islands in pacific and Indian Ocean (Mackey, 2002). In 1901, the colonies of Australia formed a commonwealth through becoming a federation. Since that federation, the nation of Australia remains as a commonwealth monarchy and has maintained a political system comprising of liberal democratic systems (Farsy & Al-Farsy, 1986). The government of Saudi Arabian central institution is Saudi monarchy. The government basic laws were adopted in 1990s and they declare that the Saudi Arabian kingdom is a monarchy that is ruled by grandsons and son of â€Å"Abdul-Aziz Al Saud†. These laws also provide that the constitution of the nation is the Quran that is governed on Islamic laws (Sharia) basis. According to democratic index of economists, the government of Saudi Arabia is ranked on the ninth position in among authoritarian regimes across the globe (Mackey, 2002). The political system in Saudi Arabia does not recognize national elections and political systems. However, it does recognize local elections and they were held in 2005, and only male citizens were allowed to participate. The powers of the king are tentatively restricted within the boundaries of Saudi traditions and Sharia. The king have to maintain an accord of royal family of Saudi, ulema (religious leaders) and other element that may be important in the society of Saudi. The royal family leading member selects a king from amongst them and is then approved by ulema (Farsy & Al-Farsy, 1986). The kings of Saudi kingdom have developed a central management gradually. The minister council which is appointed by Saudi king, has given views on general policy formulation and has also directed activities of bureaucracy that is seems to be growing. The council comprises prime minister and other twenty ministers (Quandt, 1981). The minister council resolution forms the basis for legislation. However, legislations are ratified through royal decree and they have to be in consensus with Sharia. A Consultative Assembly consisting of 150 members and selected by the ruling king have limited lights of legislation (Wilson & Graham, 1994). The administration of justice is done according to sharia through use of religious court systems. The judges of religious courts are chosen by the ruling king and which are recommended by the supreme council of judiciary (Mackey, 2002). This council of judiciary comprises of 12 senior jurists and the law protects the judiciary independence. The ruling king has the authority to pardon and act as the uppermost â€Å"court of appeal†. There are well formed traditions in the direct access and right to appeal to the high officials in the political system of Saudi Arabia (Wilson & Graham, 1994). On the other hand, the Australia commonwealth is a democracy constitution which is based on federal powers division. Australia employs constitutional monarchy form of government which is composed of government of parliamentary system. â€Å"Queen Elizabeth II† the Australian queen stands in the position of monarch of other commonwealth monarchies. At the federal level the general governor represents the queen while in the state level the governors represent her. The rights of the constitution gives the general governor executive powers but they have to be exercised only when the prime minister gives an advice (Penniman, 1977). Australia has three government branches which include commonwealth i. e. the legislature that comprise the queen, senate and â€Å"house of representative†. Second, the federal council of executive i. e. the executive and comprises of prime minister, councilors and state ministers (Aitkin & Jinks, 1980). Finally, the federal courts and Australia high court i. e. the judiciary. The parliament of bicameral commonwealth comprises the queen, upper house that comprises 76 senators and 150 members of representatives of the house i. e. lower house. The later are designated from constituencies of single members known commonly as seats or electorates which are allocated to the states basing on the population and each state is given five seats as minimum. The senate comprises 12 senators from each state and 2 other senators from each territory (Aitkin & Jinks, 1980). The government of Australia is formed by two main political groups i. e. the coalition and the labor party of Australia. The coalition political group is a formal group comprising of two parties i. e. national party which is minor and liberal party the major party. Numerous minor parties and independent members including Australian democrats and the greens have been represented in the parliament of Australian especially in the upper houses (Appleton, 1983). Contrary to Saudi Arabia where king are chosen from the royal family by the members of the royal family, in Australia there is a compulsory voting for all citizens above 18 years of age. In addition voting in this nation is done at federal, territorial and in state level. There is a compulsory enrollment to vote in all places except in the southern part of Australia (Penniman, 1977). In conclusion even though the Saudi Arabian kingdom is currently stable there are major undercurrents, which are working against royal family. The Saudi Arabia political system is shaped to a greater extent by Faisal king in whom kings have absolute powers. However, the ulema are central in supporting the legitimacy of the rule of the king. The political system of Saudi Arabia has been formalized consultative body. In addition, there are several laws which have been enacted in order to regulate the activities of the modern society. These laws are additions to Islamic laws and are not expected to be against the Islamic laws (Mackey, 2002). In Saudi Arabia the political system is characterized with lack of democracy and there is always opposition due to lack of forums of expressing discontent with the kings and rulers. In addition, the political system in Saudi Arabia is characterized with economic power differences between social groups and therefore leads to opposition. On the other hand, the political system of Australia has been founded in the traditions of liberal democratic. This system seems to be effective since it is based on values of association and freedom of expression, religious tolerance and rule of regulation and law which expresses democracy (Department of foreign affairs and trade, 2008). Reference: Aitkin D & Jinks B (1980): Australian Political Institutions, ISBN 0858965712, Pitman. Appleton R (1983): The Australian Encyclopedia, ISBN 0959660429, Grolier Society of Australia M. E Sharpe. Department of foreign affairs and trade (2008): Australia’s system of government. Retrieved on 17th January 2009 from; http://www. dfat.gov. au/facts/sys_gov. html Farsy F & Al-Farsy F (1986): Saudi Arabia: A Case Study in Development, ISBN 0710301286. Routledge, Mackey S (2002): The Saudis: Inside the Desert Kingdom, ISBN 0393324176, W. W. Norton. Penniman H (1977): Australia at the Polls: The National Elections of 1975, ISBN 0844732397, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. Quandt W (1981): Saudi Arabia in the 1980s: Foreign Policy, Security, and Oil, ISBN 0815772866, Brookings Institution Press. Wilson P & Graham D (1994): Saudi Arabia: The Coming Storm, ISBN 1563243954 .

Free Essays on Once Le Duel De Hamlet

Commonly known as Shakespeare’s best, Hamlet is one of the most famous plays of all time. From the spine-chilling ghost scenes to the astonishing sword fights, on the edge of the chair, you stay while enjoying Hamlet. Shakespeare’s Hamlet has appeared on film since the year 1900 when Clà ¨ment Maurice directed Le Duel d’ Hamlet a silent picture. Ironically, in this film a woman played Hamlet. The play originally appeared in text between 1958 and 1601, when Shakespeare had put the pen to the paper. Over time, Hamlet has transpired to film a numerous amount of times. Once in 1948 staring Laurence Olivier as Hamlet. This film won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Actor. Another version was filmed in 1969 with Nicol Williamson as Hamlet and Anthony Hopkins as the heinous Claudius. The modern Franco Zeffirelli version was produced in 1990 starring Mel Gibson as the honorable Hamlet. A spin off version of Hamlet was also filmed in1990 called Rosenc antz and Guildentern are Dead. In 1992, Hamlet was even animated explaining just the basics of the play. In 1996, Kenneth Branagh directed and starred as Hamlet. Most recently filmed in 2000, a modern version of Hamlet, starring Ethan Hawke. The four versions I was so privileged to study were Zeffirelli, Stoppard, Branagh, and the original text. These four productions appear to be the same play but yet are quite different. The plot of each of these stage shows are base around one story line, on the contrary each version has its own twists and turns though out the dramatic piece. Franco Zeffirelli's film is considerably different from the original text. For instance, he added the funeral scene at the beginning. Zeffirelli also decided to cut most long speeches down, rearrange scenes or parts of scenes and sporadically impart one character's lines to another. He made these changes to build up the action and shorten the plot. As you watch the film, you become aware that th... Free Essays on Once Le Duel De Hamlet Free Essays on Once Le Duel De Hamlet Commonly known as Shakespeare’s best, Hamlet is one of the most famous plays of all time. From the spine-chilling ghost scenes to the astonishing sword fights, on the edge of the chair, you stay while enjoying Hamlet. Shakespeare’s Hamlet has appeared on film since the year 1900 when Clà ¨ment Maurice directed Le Duel d’ Hamlet a silent picture. Ironically, in this film a woman played Hamlet. The play originally appeared in text between 1958 and 1601, when Shakespeare had put the pen to the paper. Over time, Hamlet has transpired to film a numerous amount of times. Once in 1948 staring Laurence Olivier as Hamlet. This film won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Actor. Another version was filmed in 1969 with Nicol Williamson as Hamlet and Anthony Hopkins as the heinous Claudius. The modern Franco Zeffirelli version was produced in 1990 starring Mel Gibson as the honorable Hamlet. A spin off version of Hamlet was also filmed in1990 called Rosenc antz and Guildentern are Dead. In 1992, Hamlet was even animated explaining just the basics of the play. In 1996, Kenneth Branagh directed and starred as Hamlet. Most recently filmed in 2000, a modern version of Hamlet, starring Ethan Hawke. The four versions I was so privileged to study were Zeffirelli, Stoppard, Branagh, and the original text. These four productions appear to be the same play but yet are quite different. The plot of each of these stage shows are base around one story line, on the contrary each version has its own twists and turns though out the dramatic piece. Franco Zeffirelli's film is considerably different from the original text. For instance, he added the funeral scene at the beginning. Zeffirelli also decided to cut most long speeches down, rearrange scenes or parts of scenes and sporadically impart one character's lines to another. He made these changes to build up the action and shorten the plot. As you watch the film, you become aware that th...

Overview of the Law of the Primate City

Overview of the Law of the Primate City Geographer Mark Jefferson developed the law of the primate cit  to explain the phenomenon of huge cities that capture such a large proportion of a countrys population as well as its economic activity. These primate cities are often, but not always, the capital cities of a country. An excellent example of a primate city is Paris, which truly represents and serves as the focus of France. A countrys leading city is always disproportionately large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling. The primate city is commonly at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant. - Mark Jefferson, 1939​   Characteristics of Primary Cities They dominate the country in influence and are the national focal point.  Their sheer size and activity become a strong pull factor, bringing additional residents to the city and causing the primate city to become even larger and more disproportional to smaller cities in the country. However, not every country has a primate city, as youll see from the list below. Some scholars define a primate city as one that is larger than the combined populations of the second and third ranked cities in a country. This definition does not represent true primacy, however, as the size of the first ranked city is not disproportionate to the second. The law can be applied to smaller regions as well. For example, Californias primate city is Los Angeles, with a metropolitan area population of 16 million, which is more than double the San Francisco metropolitan area of 7 million. Even counties can be examined with regard to the Law of the Primate City. Examples of Countries With Primate Cities Paris (9.6 million) is definitely the focus of France while Marseilles has a population of 1.3 million.Similarly, the United Kingdom has London as its primate city (7 million) while the second largest city, Birmingham, is home to a mere one million people.Mexico City, Mexico (8.6 million) outshines Guadalajara (1.6 million).A huge dichotomy exists between Bangkok (7.5 million) and Thailands second city, Nanthaburi (481,000). Examples of Countries That Lack Primate Cities Indias most populous city is Mumbai (formerly Bombay) with 16 million; second is Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) with more than 13 million.China, Canada, Australia, and Brazil are additional examples of non-primate-city countries.Utilizing the metropolitan area population of urban areas in the United States, we find that the U.S. lacks a true primate city. With the New York City metropolitan area population at approximately 21 million, second-ranked Los Angeles at 16 million, and even third-ranked Chicago at 9 million, America lacks a primate city. Rank-Size Rule In 1949, George Zipf devised his theory of rank-size rule to explain the size cities in a country. He explained that the second and subsequently smaller cities should represent a proportion of the largest city. For example, if the largest city in a country contained one million citizens, Zipf stated that the second city would contain one-half as many as the first, or 500,000. The third would contain one-third or 333,333, the fourth would be home to one-quarter or 250,000, and so on, with the rank of the city representing the denominator in the fraction. While some countries urban hierarchy somewhat fits into Zipfs scheme, later geographers argued that his model should be seen as a probability model and that deviations are to be expected.

Responses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Responses - Essay Example Especially, I liked the line in these debates, initiated by Prof. Meilaender. The participants have been discussing the contrasts between scientist Aylmer and his "earthly" assistant Aminadab, and the conclusion was: even "animal nature" has better intuition and can understand danger and worthlessness of human involving into "God's business". Besides, I totally agree with the experts, that Aylmer's perfectionism in the story is extremely aggressive, and his attempt to remove the birthmark is a very repulsive act. It is really unbelievable, how can a birthmark of his loving and caring young wife, who is loyal and devoted to her husband, become such an annoying element There are thousands of people among us, who live with much more ugly defects of skin or body, but it does not change attitude and care of their loving relatives and true friends. Only I do not quite share the position of Prof. Mary Ann Glendon and some other experts, who hesitated in Aylmer's being "a man of science". They called him "magician" or "narcissist". I suppose, he was a good and very experienced scientist and alchemist, because there were few opportunities for studying "real science" in those times. To my mind, Aylmer got into a psychological trap and started hating his wife for her birthmark not because only of his scientific aspirations for perfection, but becau